One step forward, two steps back: immanent critique of the practice of zero tolerance in inclusive schools

In this paper, the contradiction of practising zero tolerance in inclusive schools is discussed using the critical method of Skrtic’s immanent critique. The authors contend that the policy of inclusive schools for all is contradicted and undermined by the practice of zero tolerance policies, especially suspensions, expulsions and segregation. Thus, inclusion and zero tolerance are not complementary, but rather mutually exclusive, both in terms of rhetoric and of implementation. Possible inclusive solutions to challenging behaviours, involving prevention, reinforcement, restitution and the direct teaching of appropriate behaviours, are suggested and discussed in terms of consolidating inclusive schooling with appropriate disciplinary practice.