Provides an anatomical overview of venous access routes for cardiac implantable electronic devices.
Defines extrathoracic subclavian boundaries for CIED access; leaves open optimal route selection pending trials.
Left panel. Anatomy of the thoracic outlet and subclavian, axillary, and cephalic veins. Axillary vein ends at the level of the 2nd rib where the extrathoracic subclavian vein starts. Right panel. Available first and second route techniques for CIED implantation. Abbreviations: CIED = cardiac implantable electronic device; SVA = subclavian vein access; EVA = extrathoracic vein access; ESVA = extrathoracic subclavian vein access; AVA = axillary vein access; US = ultrasound The imagee on the left is a modified version taken from Atti et al.4, with permission.
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Brignole et al. (2023) studied this question.
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