Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
The effects of alcohol on fetal development have gained renewed scientific attention during the decade following identification and description of the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). An association between maternal alcohol abuse and growth retardation, physical anomalies, and developmental delay in the fetus has been demonstrated through clinical, epidemiologic, and experimental evidence. The effects of various doses at different stages of gestation remain unclear. Is there a critical level of alcohol consumption that regularly produces the full FAS? Is there a lower threshold below which there is no danger of adverse effects? Is there one critical period during gestation or can adverse effects occur throughout pregnancy?
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
Rosett et al. (1982) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 10 related papers. Consider them for comparative context: