Minimizing Current and Voltage Losses to Reach 25% Efficient Monolithic Two-Terminal Perovskite–Silicon Tandem Solar Cells

The rapid rise in efficiency and tunable bandgap of metal-halide perovskites makes them highly attractive for use in tandems on silicon. Recently we demonstrated a perovskite–silicon monolithic two-terminal tandem with 23.6% power conversion efficiency. Here, we present work on optical optimization to improve light harvesting that includes thinning out the top transparent electrode to reduce front-surface reflection and parasitic absorption; introducing metal fingers to minimize series resistance losses; and further minimizing reflection loss with a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp with random, pyramidal texture. Additionally, to reduce voltage loss while achieving current matching, we employ poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA) as a hole transport material instead of NiO x and a wider 1.68 eV bandgap perovskite composition. These optimizations boost the open-circuit voltage to 1.77 V and the short-circuit current density to 18.4 mA/cm 2, culminating in a 25% efficient perovskite–silicon tandem with a 1 cm 2 active area.