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The growing world population and enhanced dependence on non-renewable sources of energy ultimately led to declining resources, climate change, and increasing carbon emissions. Such an impact of carbon-positive non-renewable energy-based economy has made countries look for more sustainable and cleaner energy sources. Biomass-based renewable energy sources have the potential to reverse climate change with net negative carbon emissions. Perennial grasses like miscanthus, switchgrass, giant red etc. which do not compete with food crops for space, offer a prospective substitute for first-generation feedstocks. The rising concept of circular economy can further curtail the carbon footprint by converting biorefinery-based waste into valuable bio-products. In biofuel generation by microorganisms, there is significant decrease in greenhouse gas emissions when compared to traditional methods. Because of their remarkable capacity to reduce waste production and their intrinsic low carbon footprint, microbes play a crucial role in reducing emissions. Carbon negative energy systems present a scenario to limit global temperatures below a certain limit to avoid determinantal effects over humanity and ecosystems. The review article has emphasized the utility of lignocellulosic biomass, integration of biorefinery based infrastructures with designed microbes and metabolic pathways for bringing down the carbon footprint and achieve sustainability and security in energy sector.
Sharma et al. (Fri,) studied this question.