Textbooks in the Philippines: Evaluation of the Pedagogical Impact of a Nationwide Investment

Ambiguity can be found in North America as to whether an improvement in physical resources can affect significantly the quality of educational output. Such ambiguity should not pertain to developing countries. Where schooling itself is scarce, where classrooms are impoverished, where the motivation for education is high from both privileged and underprivileged families, a physical alteration in the quality of school classroom can have sizeable effects. This appears to be true in the Philippines. Moreover, the effect of a school quality intervention appears to be the most pronounced among the children who are most impoverished and whose home backgrounds are the most underprivileged.