Application of a brief locus of control scale suggested by Lumpkin in 1985 led John, et al. to question its validity and reliability and suggest an abbreviated version of Levenson's 1974 scale may perform better. In this paper is a summary of an application of such a scale. The brief Levenson's scale did not perform as well as the brief Rotter's scale and so is not recommended as an alternative.
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James R. Lumpkin (1988) studied this question.
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