Dynamic optimization of stimulation frequency to reduce isometric muscle fatigue using a modified Hill‐Huxley model

INTRODUCTION: Optimal frequency modulation during functional electrical stimulation (FES) may minimize or delay the onset of FES-induced muscle fatigue. METHODS: An offline dynamic optimization method, constrained to a modified Hill-Huxley model, was used to determine the minimum number of pulses that would maintain a constant desired isometric contraction force. RESULTS: Six able-bodied participants were recruited for the experiments, and their quadriceps muscles were stimulated while they sat on a leg extension machine. The force-time (F-T) integrals and peak forces after the pulse train was delivered were found to be statistically significantly greater than the force-time integrals and peak forces obtained after a constant frequency train was delivered. DISCUSSION: Experimental results indicated that the optimized pulse trains induced lower levels of muscle fatigue compared with constant frequency pulse trains. This could have a potential advantage over current FES methods that often choose a constant frequency stimulation train. Muscle Nerve 57: 634-641, 2018.