Altered Temporal dynamics of resting-state EEG microstates as a neural signature of impaired consciousness: a high-density EEG analysis in chronic disorders of consciousness

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: To differentiate Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome (UWS) from Minimally Conscious State (MCS) using EEG microstates. RESEARCH DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of high-density resting-state EEG. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: We analyzed EEG from 20 UWS, 22 MCS patients, and 20 controls. Microstate topographies were clustered into four canonical classes. To prevent machine learning data leakage, a fixed, label-independent template basis derived solely from healthy controls was utilized for back-fitting across all individuals. After optimizing template back-fitting and systematically controlling for group-dependent spatial map distortions via class-specific spatial correlation (SC) analysis, robust temporal parameters were extracted. A strictly contained Leave-One-Subject-Out Cross-Validation (LOOCV) multivariate logistic regression model was then applied. MAIN OUTCOMES AND Class C paradoxically increased in UWS. The multivariate LOOCV model accurately distinguished MCS from UWS (AUC = 0.97). CONCLUSIONS: The selective collapse of Class D alongside Class C retention signifies severe frontoparietal decoupling. Cross-validated microstate dynamics serve as specific bedside biomarkers for prognostic stratification, empirically supporting the Global Neuronal Workspace and Mesocircuit hypotheses.