Normalizing compostable nappy practices: a zoom-out, zoom-in approach to unlocking sustainability transitions in the nappy industry

This article explores more sustainable alternatives to disposable nappies (diapers), which the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) identifies as a major contributor to global plastic waste. Over the past 30 years, the dominance of disposable nappies has resisted disruption despite attempts such as recycling and niche products like compostable nappies. We examine why disposable nappies remain so entrenched and whether a compostable nappy service could challenge this status quo. While extensive research exists on the environmental impacts of nappies through life cycle analyses and the limitations of reusable options, little attention has been given to the durability of disposable nappy practices. Beyond identifying the attitude-action gap, the disparity between people’s intentions and behaviors, there is limited research addressing disposable nappy practices and their sustainable alternatives. Using social practice theory (SPT) to analyze everyday practices and the multi-level perspective (MLP) to examine systemic industry dynamics, this article reports on a qualitative trial of a compostable nappy and collection service in Sydney. Interviews with key stakeholders, including retailers, childcare centers, waste regulators, innovators, composting operators, and local councils, revealed systemic factors at play. The study identifies four attributes that reinforce the use of single-use nappies and hinder the adoption of alternatives. Despite limitations in the compostable nappy trial, the findings suggest several interventions to inform future innovations, policies, and awareness campaigns, offering a pathway toward addressing this critical environmental issue.