Exosomes and Nanoparticles: Bridging Delivery Systems and Biological Communication

Purpose of Review This work addresses a paradigm shift in nanomedicine, evolving from the traditional delivery model, focused on the passive transport of molecules, to a nanocommunication model. It argues that nanoscale systems are dynamic entities that actively encode, transmit, and modulate complex biological signals. Recent Findings Studies demonstrate that nanoparticles acquire a “biomolecular corona” in biological fluids, redefining their biological identity and directly modulating immune signaling pathways. In parallel, exosomes use their membrane proteome as a programmable molecular address code, capable of predicting the metastatic tropism of tumors toward specific organs. In pathological contexts, such as pulmonary, neurodegenerative diseases, and endometriosis, these nanoscale platforms reprogram cellular communication networks and influence systemic therapeutic responses. Summary Nanomedicine is moving towards becoming a discipline of biological signal engineering. From a nanocommunication perspective, interactions at the nano-bio interface are not merely transfers of compounds, but dynamic, context-dependent informational flows. Physicochemical properties structure messages that recipient cells decode in a non-linear manner. Thus, therapeutic efficacy extends beyond cargo release, encompassing the ability to intervene and reconfigure pathological signaling networks actively.