Incidence, molecular characterisation and in silico evaluation of essential oil-derived bioactive compounds against Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) in Ghost pepper

Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) is a major constraint in chilli cultivation across Asia, associated with significant yield losses. This study investigated the incidence, molecular characterisation, and potential management of ChiVMV infecting Capsicum chinense (ghost pepper) in Assam, India. Field surveys conducted during 2022–2023 in Jorhat, Golaghat, and Sivasagar districts recorded typical viral symptoms, and RT-PCR using coat protein (CP)-specific primers confirmed ChiVMV infection with an incidence ranging from 33.33% to 46.66%. Sequence analysis of three isolates (PX066856–PX066858) showed close phylogenetic relationships with previously reported Indian isolates. To explore eco-friendly management options, seven essential oils were analysed using GC–MS, revealing diverse bioactive compounds. Molecular docking against the ChiVMV CP (PDB ID: 6HXX) identified γ-tocopherol, humulene, and isoaromadendrene epoxide as compounds with strong binding affinity, while ADMET analysis indicated favourable properties for isoaromadendrene epoxide. These findings highlight potential candidates for further investigation in sustainable disease management.