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Extract Tobacco dependence remains among the leading preventable causes of premature death and disability, killing 700 000 people across Europe each year, and more than 8 million people worldwide [1–3]. Smoking and second-hand smoke exposure also cost the global economy around 2 trillion USD annually through loss of productivity and direct costs of addressing tobacco harms [4]. The tobacco product life cycle also produces substantial environmental harms [5].
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Baylis et al. (2026) studied this question.
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