Glucose Sensor Dynamics and the Artificial Pancreas: The Impact of Lag on Sensor Measurement and Controller Performance

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by the destruction of the pancreatic beta cells. With this disease, the body is no longer able to produce insulin, leading to chronically high concentrations of glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia). People with T1DM manage the disease by administering exogenous insulin doses as determined by multiple daily measurements of the blood glucose (BG) concentration; however, this approach requires significant effort from the patient and often achieves suboptimal results, leading to short- and long-term health complications.