Lightning and anthropogenic NOx sources over the United States and the western North Atlantic Ocean: Impact on OLR and radiative effects

The migration of enhancements in NO 2 concentration, outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), and radiative effects associated with the onset of the North American Monsoon in July 2005 has been investigated using satellite data and the Regional Chemical Transport Model (REAM). The satellite data include the tropospheric NO 2 columns, tropospheric O 3 profiles, and OLR from OMI, TES and NOAA‐16 satellite, respectively, for June and July 2005. The simulated OLR captures the spatial distribution of the remotely sensed OLR fields with relatively small biases (≤5.7%) and high spatial correlations (R ≥ 0.88). This study reveals that the lightning‐generated NO x exerts a larger, by up to a factor of three, impact on OLR (up to 0.35 Wm −2 ) and radiative effects (up to 0.55 Wm −2 ) by enhancing O 3 in the upper troposphere than anthropogenic NO x that increases O 3 in the lower troposphere, despite the fact that the lightning‐generated NO x and O 3 are much smaller than those from the anthropogenic emissions. The radiative effect by lightning‐derived upper tropospheric O 3 over the convective outflow regions is affected by the changes in lightning frequency. Thus the changes in convection due to global warming may alter the geographical distribution and magnitude of the radiative effect of lightning‐derived O 3 , and this paper is a first step in quantifying the current radiative impact.