A unique sandwiched structure of TiOx/Au-NPs/TiOx is used to improve the charge transport properties of a TiOx film via plasmonic-mediated hot carrier injection at the metal-semiconductor Schottky junction. The injected carrier helps to fill trap states and to further decrease the Fermi level of TiOx. The combined effects dramatically enhance the perovskite solar cell performance, with a power conversion efficiency of 16.2%.
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Yuan et al. (2015) studied this question.