Key result
Sympathetic nervous system stimulation releases norepinephrine, which activates β-adrenergic membrane receptors to regulate the activity of cardiac ion channels and heart rhythm.
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Design
Editorial
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Describes the physiological mechanisms by which the sympathetic nervous system regulates cardiac ion channels and heart rhythm.
The human heart beats ≈40 million times per year! We all know and feel that sometimes the rhythm is slow, sometimes fast, and at times irregular. The contraction of the heart muscle cells, the cardiomyocytes, is controlled by the activity of dozens of ion channels and membrane transporters in different compartments of the cell. The autonomic nervous system, in turn, regulates the heart rhythm: the sympathetic part during stress or exercise accelerates the heart rate, whereas the parasympathetic part acts as a break. In the myocardium, thousands of nerve endings are in contact with myocytes. On stimulation of the sympathetic system, these nerve endings release norepinephrine, which activates β-adrenergic membrane receptors and hence regulates the activity of many proteins, including ion channels, with the help of second-messenger signaling pathways.
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Marionneau et al. (2019) reported an editorial. Sympathetic nervous system stimulation releases norepinephrine, which activates β-adrenergic membrane receptors to regulate the activity of cardiac ion channels and heart rhythm.
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