Advances, challenges, and future perspectives in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic venous disorder: a comprehensive review

Chronic venous disorder (CVD) is caused by impaired venous function, hindering oxygen and blood return to the heart. Deep venous thrombosis (DVT), an acute process of blood clot formation in deep leg veins, can lead to CVD as a serious complication. The review systematically explores CVD research in three domains. First, it outlines diagnostic methods, including clinical evaluation, venography, and hemodynamic assessment. Second, it delves into treatments, analyzing conservative, surgical, and pharmacological approaches alongside their applications and limitations. Finally, it examines evaluation techniques, particularly postoperative efficacy assessment and finite element method (FEM)-based analysis of compression therapy, such as medical compression stockings. The application of AI in the diagnosis and treatment of CVD was also discussed. Effective CVD treatment requires tailored interventions based on accurate diagnosis, yet the mechanistic understanding of compression therapy remains unclear, and finite element modeling faces inherent limitations. Consequently, addressing these challenges is essential to advance treatment mechanisms. By integrating current CVD research, this review equips clinicians with evidence-based insights for effective CVD management and guides engineers and researchers in innovating diagnostic, therapeutic, and assessment technologies.