Phenolics from Phyllanthus emblica Linn. ameliorate glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance in high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic mice

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) in the liver. Notably, distinct functional patterns were observed. PEFP, particularly at high doses, showed stronger associations with restoration of insulin signaling and inhibition of gluconeogenesis, whereas PEBP was more closely associated with glucose utilization and glycogen storage. In addition, PEFP and PEBP inhibited jejunal α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities and altered gut microbiota composition. These findings demonstrate that PEFP and PEBP exert multifaceted antidiabetic effects, which were closely associated with the modulation of hepatic insulin signaling-related gene expression, intestinal carbohydrate digestion, and gut microbiota composition, highlighting their potential as functional food ingredients for T2DM management.