End-to-End Differentiable Learning of a Single Functionalfor DFT and Linear-Response TDDFT

Density functional theory (DFT) and linear-response time-dependent density functional theory (LR-TDDFT) rely on an exchange-correlation (xc) approximation that provides not only energy but also its functional derivatives, which enter the self-consistent potential and the response kernel. Here, we present an end-to-end differentiable workflow to optimize a single deep-learned energy functional using targets from both Kohn–Sham DFT and adiabatic LR-TDDFT. To enable this training in a computationally efficient and differentiable manner, we developed a JAX-based two-component quantum chemistry package (IQC), in which the learned functional provides a self-consistent potential and linear-response kernel via automatic differentiation. This construction permits gradient-based optimization through both the self-consistent-field (SCF) fixed-point equations and the Casida eigenvalue problem. We learn an exchange-correlation functional on excitation energies and ground-state properties (noncovalent interactions, thermochemistry, bond dissociation, ionization potentials, electron affinities, isomerization energies, and reaction barriers) while incorporating one-electron self-interaction cancellation as penalty terms, and we assess its possible transfer to molecular test cases.