Feasibility of using a novel multi-level educational platform integrating Augmented Reality and 3D printing for neuroanatomy learning

Traditional dissection has long been the cornerstone of anatomical education, especially for understanding 3D structures. However, emerging technologies such as Augmented Reality (AR) and 3D printing now offer effective complementary tools. This study introduces AEducAR3.0, a multi-level educational platform combining AR and 3D printing to enhance neuroanatomy learning. AEducAR3.0 supports three progressive learning levels: (1) Notional Learning, (2) Contextual Notional Learning, and (3) Topographical Learning, each followed by integrated quizzes. Two types of assessment were used: a basic memory recall quiz and a more complex knowledge application task using a 3D-printed phantom. The platform was tested with 70 s-year medical students at the University of Bologna. Data were collected via quizzes, anonymous questionnaires, and interviews. Results showed that the AEducAR3.0 significantly improved learning outcomes, especially in terms of contextual understanding. Students performed better on Level 2 quizzes (70 ± 4%) than Level 1 (60 ± 7%) and Level 3 (58 ± 5%). No significant differences emerged based on gender or nationality. Students with prior AR experience reported greater appreciation for the platform. Feedback was largely positive, citing improved engagement and deeper understanding of complex structures, such as nerve pathways. Despite minor technical issues, students valued AEducAR3.0 as a complement to traditional dissection and recommended its broader use, particularly in surgical training. In conclusion, AEducAR3.0 represents an innovative and interactive approach to neuroanatomy education, integrating AR and 3D printing in order to enhance anatomical spatial understanding and learner engagement.