Bradley F. Blackwell, Thomas W. Seamans, Richard A. Dolbeer, Plant Growth Regulator (Stronghold™) Enhances Repellency of Anthraquinone Formulation (Flight Control™) to Canada Geese, The Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 63, No. 4 (Oct., 1999), pp. 1336-1343
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Blackwell et al. (1999) studied this question.