Key result
The type IV IRES in picornaviruses exhibits a compact structure with minimal reliance on eukaryotic initiation factors, revealing strong retention and adaptation in viral evolution.
Why the study?
Increasing identification of picornaviruses with type IV IRES suggests strong evolutionary retention, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of their roles to elucidate replication mechanisms and pathogenesis.
Systematic Review
The type IV IRES in picornaviruses has a compact structure and minimal reliance on eukaryotic initiation factors, facilitating viral protein translation.
IRES categorization in picornaviruses informs antiviral targeting; extends mechanistic understanding of viral translation.
is a family of icosahedral viruses with single-stranded, highly diverse positive-sense RNA genomes. Virions consist of a capsid, without envelope, surrounding a core of RNA genome. A typical genome of picornavirus harbors a well-conserved and highly structured RNA element known as the internal ribosome entry site (IRES), functionally essential for viral replication and protein translation. Based on differences in their structures and mechanisms of action, picornaviral IRESs have been categorized into five types: type I, II, III, IV, and V. Compared with the type IV IRES, the others not only are structurally complicated, but also involve multiple initiation factors for triggering protein translation. The type IV IRES, often referred to as hepatitis C virus (HCV)-like IRES due to its structural resemblance to the HCV IRES, exhibits a simpler and more compact structure than those of the other four. The increasing identification of picornaviruses with the type IV IRES suggests that this IRES type seems to reveal strong retention and adaptation in terms of viral evolution. Here, we systematically reviewed structural features and biological functions of the type IV IRES in picornaviruses. A comprehensive understanding of the roles of type IV IRESs will contribute to elucidating the replication mechanism and pathogenesis of picornaviruses.
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Li et al. (2024) conducted a systematic review in Picornavirus infection. Type IV internal ribosome entry site (IRES) was evaluated. The type IV IRES in picornaviruses exhibits a compact structure with minimal reliance on eukaryotic initiation factors, revealing strong retention and adaptation in viral evolution.
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