Synchrotron-Based X-ray Techniques for Probing Electronic and Structural Dynamics in Energy Storage Materials

The performance and longevity of rechargeable batteries are fundamentally tied to the material properties of their components, including crystal structure, electronic configuration, particle size, and morphology. These properties govern critical processes such as ion diffusion, charge transfer, and overall electrochemical stability, which directly impact the efficiency, energy density, and lifespan of energy storage devices. In recent years, synchrotron-based X-ray techniques have emerged as powerful tools for investigating these material characteristics in unprecedented detail. Synchrotron radiation provides a tunable energy range that allows for the selective study of different atomic interactions, enabling researchers to probe both bulk and surface phenomena in real-time. The flexibility and high brilliance of synchrotron radiation make it especially suited for studying complex, multimaterial battery systems under operating conditions. For example, utilization of these merits can track dynamic changes in battery materials during cycling, degradation, and phase transitions—offering a window into processes that are often difficult to capture using conventional methods. As a result, these techniques have become indispensable for developing a deeper understanding of the intricate relationships between material properties and battery performance. This review will explore key synchrotron-based techniques, particularly X-ray scattering (XRS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and how they have advanced the field of energy storage research by providing insights into both structural and electronic dynamics.