Breeding sites, including beach environment and topography, play a significant role in the causes of death of grey seal ( Halichoerus grypus ) pups, in particular the incidence of starvation, peritonitis/navel ill, other infectious diseases and injuries as a result of adult‐pup interactions. The bacteria involved are opportunistic invaders. A wide and differing sex ratio in dead pups was found on different beaches and this has not been satisfactorily explained.
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Baker et al. (1988) studied this question.
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