Regression and classification of Windkessel parameters from non-invasive cardiovascular quantities using a fully connected neural network

Despite their simplicity, three-element Windkessel models (WK-3) provide an effective and straightforward representation of the aortic input impedance. The WK-3 model not only captures valuable information about the mechanical and structural characteristics of the aortic arch but also generates reliable estimations of the central blood pressure (cBP) wave, a significant cardiovascular risk indicator. However, fitting the parameters of the WK-3 model typically requires invasively collected data, which carries substantial risk and high cost for patients. This study aims to enable non-invasive impedance estimation of the WK-3 model using cardiovascular signals. As a proof of concept, we developed and trained a fully connected neural network (FCNN) on an in-silico dataset to predict the WK-3 parameters: characteristic impedance, peripheral arterial resistance, and arterial compliance. These predictions are based on non-invasive parameters, including zero-flow pressure intercept, heart rate, stroke volume, and left ventricular ejection time. The proposed model achieved an overall accuracy of 80% with an average area under the curve (AUC) of 0 . 91 ± 0 . 11 . The implementation and best-fitting model are available for download from this link .