Causal Association of Chronic Venous Insufficiency and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Univariable and Multivariable Mendelian Randomization Study

Figures

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  Fig. 1.. Forest plot illustrating the UVMR analysis investigating the impact of CVI on CVDs. UVMR, univariable Mendelian randomization; CVI, chronic venous insufficiency; CVD, cardiovascular disease; nSNP, number of single nucleotide polymorphisms; OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; MR, Mendelian randomization; RAPS, Robust Adjusted Profile Score.

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  Fig. 2.. Scatter plot of UVMR estimates of genetic risk for CVI affecting heart failure and atrial fibrillation. The genetic effects of CVI against their effects on heart failure (a) and atrial fibrillation (b), alongside horizontal and vertical lines indicating the corresponding standard errors. The slope of each line represents the estimated genetic effect obtained from different Mendelian randomization (MR) methods. UVMR, univariable Mendelian randomization; CVI, chronic venous insufficiency; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism.

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  Fig. 3.. Leave-one-out analysis of UVMR estimates the genetic risk of CVI on heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Each black box represents the odds ratio (OR) for individual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as determined by the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method after leaving the corresponding SNP in turns. The black box labeled ‘ALL’ represents the pooled IVW MR estimate. The horizontal lines indicate the 95% confidence intervals (CI). UVMR, univariable Mendelian randomization; CVI, chronic venous insufficiency.

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  Fig. 4.. Multivariable MR (MVMR) estimates for the effects of CVI on (a) heart failure and (b) atrial fibrillation, before and after accounting for putative mediating factors. CVI, chronic venous insufficiency; MR, Mendelian randomization; OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; VTE, venous thromboembolism.