Laparoscopic anatomical description of the abdominal cavity in standing female donkeys ( Equus asinus )

Laparoscopy is a standard method for abdominal exploration in standing surgery. This study aimed to describe diagnostically and surgically relevant abdominal structures in standing female donkeys (Equus asinus) using laparoscopic techniques. Seven healthy local-breed female donkeys, weighing 180–200 kg and aged 5–10 years, underwent standing laparoscopy after 24 hours of fasting. Sedation was achieved with xylazine hydrochloride (1.1 mg/kg), and local anesthesia was provided using 2% lidocaine hydrochloride. Insufflation was maintained at 12 mmHg, and a light source was inserted through a separate port to examine the left and right hemioabdomen. A video recording system captured magnified, high-quality images and footage. Key anatomical structures identified included the diaphragm, liver, hepatic ligaments, stomach, spleen, female reproductive tract, dorsal colon, and diaphragmatic as well as pelvic flexure of the colon. The laparoscopic findings provided more accurate and natural representations compared to cadaveric studies. This study offers precise information on the normal positioning and peristaltic movements of abdominal structures, aiding in standing abdominal surgeries. Additionally, it serves as a valuable educational resource for students and surgical residents, enhancing their understanding of abdominal anatomy in female donkeys.