Morphological abnormalities of the haemo-poietic cells in pernicious anaemia have been well known for many years, but it is only recently that attention has been drawn to abnormalities in the epithelial cells. Graham and Rheault (1954) studied the buccal epithelial cells in gastric washings and showed that there was general enlargement of the cytoplasm and of the nucleus, the presence of some cells with much enlarged nuclei, and an increase in the number of cells with two or more nuclei. The nucleus may be hyper-chromatic, with unevenly distributed chromatin and a prominent nucleolus, and have an irregular membrane. Massey and Klayman (1955) and Rubin (1955,
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Michael M. Boddington (1959) studied this question.
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