Tight glycemic control in diabetes is one of the cornerstones of management. Glycemic control is usually assessed with HbA1c. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial showed that in type 1 diabetes, decreasing HbA1c from 9.0 to 7.2% resulted in a 50–75% reduction in retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy (1). The U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) showed that in type 2 diabetes, decreasing HbA1c from 7.9 to 7.0% decreased retinopathy and nephropathy (2). Increased insulin resistance occurs in smokers with and without diabetes (3,4). Smoking is also a risk factor for development of type 2 diabetes. The …
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Gunton et al. (2002) studied this question.
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