The effect of scattering with nonzero impact parameters between constituents in relativistic heavy-ion collisions is investigated. In solving the relativistic Boltzmann equation, the characteristic range of the collision kernel is varied from approximately 1.0 fm to zero while leaving the mean free path unchanged. Modifying this range is shown to significantly affect spectra and flow observables. The finite range is shown to provide effective viscosities, shear, bulk viscosity, and heat conductivity, with the viscous coefficients being proportional to the square of the interaction range.
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Cheng et al. (2002) studied this question.
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