Pascarella and Terenzini (1980) developed five factorially derived institutional integration scales to operationalize Tinto's (1975) conceptual model of college student withdrawal. Some psychometric characteristics of these scales are estimated for disadvantaged students at an urban commuter institution. The results revealed suspected reading comprehension problems. After several items had been revised and retested, the scales showed improved characteristics. The scales were judged as exhibiting acceptable reliability and discriminant validity for the samples of students studied.
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Richard N. Fox (1984) studied this question.
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