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Causation between time series is a most important topic in econometrics, financial engineering, biological and psychological sciences, and many other fields. A new setting is introduced for examining this rather abstract concept. The corresponding calculations, which are much easier than those required by the celebrated Granger-causality, do not necessitate any deterministic or probabilistic modeling. Some convincing computer simulations are presented.
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Fliess et al. (2015) studied this question.
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