Rice husk-derived nanosilica and nanocellulose as antifouling agents in thin-film nanocomposite membranes

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Membrane-based water purification technologies have significantly advanced in recent decades, yet membrane fouling remains a major obstacle to long-term efficiency. This work examines the use of nanomaterials derived from rice husk waste − specifically nanosilica and nanocellulose − integrated into Thin-Film Nanocomposite (TFN) membranes to improve antifouling performance. Rice husk, an abundant agro-industrial by-product, offers a unique combination of silica and cellulose. Rice husk-derived nanosilica is primarily amorphous with a high surface area, enabling better dispersion and bonding in polymer matrices compared to conventional silica sources. Similarly, nanocellulose from rice husk possesses favorable aspect ratios and abundant hydroxyl groups, promoting enhanced compatibility and integration into membrane structures. These properties contribute to improved hydrophilicity, mechanical strength and resistance to both organic and biological fouling. The work discusses extraction methods, structural characteristics and functional properties of these nanomaterials. It also evaluates their incorporation into TFN membranes via interfacial polymerization and compares their performance in fouling mitigation with other nanofillers. Recent studies indicate that those membranes with rice husk-derived nanosilica and nanocellulose exhibit improved water flux and fouling resistance without sacrificing selectivity. Moreover, these materials align with circular economy goals by transforming agricult1ural waste into valuable membrane additives. This study provides a synthesis of advancements in sustainable nanomaterials for membrane technology, offering insights for future research and industrial scale-up.