Recent advances in the synthesis and application of bamboo-based carbonaceous materials for environmental remediation: A review

The transition to a circular bioeconomy has highlighted bamboo as a sustainable and high-yielding source of biomass for the production of functional carbon materials. We compile recent advances on the synthesis, functionalization, characterization and application of bamboo-derived carbon materials comprising biochar, activated carbon, hydrochar and nanostructured carbon. These materials exhibit tunable porosity, high surface areas and variable surface chemistries and are well-positioned for environmental remediation and energy storage. We discuss dominant adsorption processes such as electrostatic attraction, π–π stacking, pore filling and redox interactions as well as regeneration processes such as thermal, microwave and chemical treatment. We examine environmental life cycle factors, bibliometric trends and techno-economic assessments in order to identify research needs and commercial scalability. Gaps in long-term stability, scalability and standardization still exist despite tremendous advancements. We recommend areas of further research, including multidisciplinary creativity and legislative frameworks to accelerate the adoption of bamboo-based sustainable development solutions.