This study investigates the mechanical behavior of oblique pantographic sheets composed of two fiber arrays interconnected by pivots with torsional stiffness. To characterize the macroscopic response of these lattice structures, we employ asymptotic homogenization techniques, introducing a small parameter ϵ defined as the ratio of the unit cell’s characteristic length to the domain’s overall dimension. When the pivot’s rotational stiffness scales as ϵ 2 p for an integer p , we derive different classes of effective first- or second-gradient (strain-gradient) continuum models for p = − 1 (rigid connection), p = 0 and p = 1 (compliant pivots at orders zero and two, respectively), and p = 2 (no contribution). The homogenized constitutive equations are derived in tensor form. These models capture the essential mechanical effects of pivot rotational resistance through shear-strain energy contributions. In each case, the effective elasticity coefficients of the homogenized models are expressed explicitly in terms of the microstructural properties—specifically, the fibers’ mechanical characteristics and the pivots’ torsional stiffness. For second-gradient continua, we investigate the well-posedness of different boundary value problems within the framework of anisotropic Sobolev spaces. We further establish the coercivity of the homogenized strain-energy function, thereby ensuring the uniqueness of the solutions. Quadratic energy expressions at the bisector reveal D 2 symmetry and, for balanced fibers, D 4 symmetry. Finally, we validate our findings with numerical results from elongation-bias tests at different skew angles, comparing the strain-energy contributions—flexural, shear, and elongation—between the continuum and discrete-frame models.
Coutris et al. (2026) studied this question.