The paleoecology of a Late Ordovician shale unit from southwest Ohio and southeastern Indiana

The Treptoceras duseri shale unit within the Waynesville Formation of Late Ordovician (early Richmondian) age in southwest Ohio and the equivalent Trilobite shale unit in the same formation exposed in adjacent portions of Indiana represent an Ordovician shallow marine mud-bottom epeiric sea facies. These fine-grained elastics contain a moderately diverse mollusk-trilobite assemblage dominated by vagrant epifaunal detritus-feeding calymenid and asaphid trilobites, large endobyssate and infaunal filter-feeding pelecypods, and nektonic nautiloids. Articulate brachiopods, ectoprocts, and pelmatozoan echinoderms form only minor elements of this fauna. This mollusk-trilobite assemblage was common in Late Ordovician shallow marine clastic environments where mobility was an asset and there was an abundance of oxygen and food resources. Such assemblages are characteristic of the Lorraine Fauna of Late Ordovician (Edenian to Richmondian) age that occurs from the Ohio Valley north and east into New York, Ontario, Quebec, and Ireland. These early Paleozoic mud-bottom assemblages were considerably modified by the Late Ordovician extinction event and were replaced in the Silurian and Devonian by distinctly different assemblages dominated by large epifaunal strophomenid and spiriferid brachiopods, crinoids, and phacopid trilobites.