The uncoordinated charging of several plug-in electric vehicles in a parking garage can potentially overload distribution transformer reducing its lifespan. Attempting to mitigate this issue, this paper proposes a smart charging method to minimize electricity consumption costs and avoid transformer overloading by considering a charging station integrated with photovoltaic generation and battery energy storage system. The optimal coordination among all these elements is investigated assessing transformer hottest-spot temperature and loss-of-life, considering a case study with time-of-use rate and meteorological data from Texas, USA. In addition, an economic analysis is developed to evaluate the viability of the project, with a sensitivity study considering different charging fees and variation in the daily number of vehicles parked in the garage. The results show the proposed approach is feasible, yields tangible financial benefits and can preserve distribution transformer life.
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Affonso et al. (2018) studied this question.
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