Electronic and regular cigarettes induce transcriptional and physiological changes in cardiomyocytes

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Action potential duration and corrected field potential duration of control and exposed cells. Cells were exposed to 2.5% ECE, 2.5% CSE, and to 10 nM of a potent and selective K channel blocker (E4031) for two days and compared to control. In A, the action potential duration was measured as the time to 90% repolarization (APD90). All exposed cells were significantly higher than control, P < 0.001. In B, Fridericia-corrected field potential duration (FPDc) was also significantly higher in exposed cells than control with P < 0.01

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  Fig. 2. Beat Period and number of beats for control and smoke extracts exposed cells. In A, beat period as a percentage of baseline was measured in cells exposed to 2.5% ECE, 2.5% CSE,10 nM of E4031, and control cells. All exposed cells were significantly higher than control, p < 0.01. In B, the number of beats percentage to bassline in control cells were significantly higher than all treated groups with P < 0.05

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  Fig. 3. MuscleMotion Time to peak, relaxation and peak to peak time in control and smoke extracts exposed cells. Time to peak, relaxation and peak to peak time (A and B) in milliseconds (ms) were measured using video microscopy and MuscleMotion. All parameters, time to peak, relaxation and peak to peak were significantly prolonged in both ECE and CSE treated cells compared to control compared with P < 0.05. MuscleMotion graphs (C) of representative control, ECE and CSE treated cells

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  Fig. 4. Heat map of control ECE and CSE exposed cells for genes in Table 1. Heatmap of differentially expressed genes in Table 1 in control cells compared to CSE and ECE exposed cells

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  Fig. 5. Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) in both discovery and validation experiments in ECE and CSE compared to control cells. A IPA was done on both discovery and validation experiments comparing ECE treated cells with control cells. The upstream analysis showed that both DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha (DNMT3a) and DNA methyltransferase 3 beta (DNMT3b) were activated in the validation experiment with Z score of 1.890and 2.121 respectively. No significant Z score was observed in the discovery experiment. indicates the predicted activation or inhibition of a pathway or gene. B IPA was done on both discovery and validation experiments comparing CSE treated cells with control cells. The upstream analysis showed thatDNMT3a and DNMT3b were activated in validation and discovery experiments. A Z scores of 2.611 and 2.795 were observed in the discovery experiment for DNTM3a and DNTM3b, respectively. For validation experiment, z scores were 2.646 and 3.00 for DNTM3a and DNTM3b, respectively. A positive Z-score suggests overall pathway activation, while a negative Z-score suggests inhibition. C Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in both discovery and validation experiments in ECE…