Ischemia targeted coronary revascularization improves 5-year survival following carotid endarterectomy

Objectives Long-term survival after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is limited by adverse cardiac events with 5% annual mortality. We sought to determine whether diagnosis of silent coronary ischemia together with elective ischemia-targeted coronary revascularization can reduce death and myocardial infarction (MI) and improve long-term survival of patients after CEA. Methods Observational cohort study of patients with no cardiac history or coronary symptoms undergoing elective CEA. Patients enrolled in a prospective study of preoperative cardiac evaluation using coronary computed tomography-derived fractional flow reserve (FFR CT ) to detect silent (asymptomatic) coronary ischemia together with elective postoperative ischemia-targeted coronary revascularization were compared with matched controls with standard preoperative cardiac evaluation and no elective coronary revascularization. Lesion-specific coronary ischemia was defined as an FFR CT of ≤0.80 distal to >30% stenosis with severe ischemia defined as an FFR CT of ≤0.75. End points included all-cause death, cardiac death, MI, stroke, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) (defined as cardiovascular death, MI, or stroke) during 5 years of follow-up. Results FFR CT (n = 100) and control (n = 100) cohorts were well-matched with no significant differences in age, gender, comorbidities, or indications for CEA. Asymptomatic lesion-specific coronary ischemia (FFR CT of ≤0.80) was present in 57% of FFR CT patients, with severe ischemia in 44% and left main ischemia in 7%; 43% had no coronary ischemia (FFR CT of >0.80). The status of coronary ischemia was unknown in the controls. CEA was performed successfully in both cohorts with no deaths or neurological events, and all patients received optimal postoperative medical therapy. Elective ischemia-targeted coronary revascularization was performed in 33% of FFR CT patients within 3 months of CEA. Controls had no elective coronary revascularization. During 5 years of follow-up, compared with controls, the FFR CT group had fewer all-cause deaths (11% vs 24%; hazard ratio [HR], 0.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.17-0.77; P = .016); fewer cardiac deaths (3% vs 13%; HR, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.03-0.69; P = .009); fewer MIs (3% vs 21%; HR, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.02-0.31; P < .001), and fewer MACEs (10% vs 33%; HR, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.10-0.44; P < .001) with no differences in stroke. There were no cardiac deaths or MIs among patients with no coronary ischemia (FFR CT of >0.80). Annual mortality in FFR CT was 2.2% per year compared with 4.8% per year in controls. Conclusions Diagnosis of silent coronary ischemia together with elective ischemia-targeted coronary revascularization after CEA decrease the 5-year risk of all-cause death, cardiac death, MI, and MACE by >50% and improved survival (89%) compared with patients receiving standard cardiac evaluation and care (76%).