Sympathetic nervous system inhibition enhances cardiac metabolism and improves hemodynamics and glucose-insulin dynamics in obese and lean rat models

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Representative of standard reorientation of the heart into the short-axis images; short axis slices from apex to base and the corresponding polar map of myocardial [18F]FDG uptake. The images were generated and analyzed using Carimas 2.0 software available at https://carimas.fi.

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  Fig. 2. Mean arterial blood pressure during basal conditions, clonidine administration and recovery period in OZR and LZR; Values are mean ± SEM and n = 6; *p < 0.05 versus Control (days 5–6); † p < 0.05 versus clonidine administration (days 32–33);

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  Fig. 3. Heart rate during basal conditions, clonidine administration and recovery period in Obese Zucker Rats (OZR) and Lean Zucker Rats (LZR); Values are mean ± SEM and n = 6; *p < 0.05 versus Control (days 5–6); † p < 0.05 versus clonidine administration (days 32–33);

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  Fig. 4. Graphical representation of the statistical differences of the OGTT in Obese Zucker rats (OZR – upper panel) and Lean Zucker rats (LZR- lower panel) during basal, clonidine administration and clonidine washout over time; * = p < 0.0001 in OZR Control versus Recovery and Clonidine versus Recovery at 15 min; * = p < 0.0001 in LZR Control versus Recovery at 15 min, Control versus Clonidine at 60 min and Control versus Recovery at 120 min; n = 6.

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  Fig. 5. Graphical representation of the statistical differences of the ITT in Obese Zucker Rats (OZR-upper panel) and Lean Zucker Rats (LZR-lower panel) during basal, clonidine administration and clonidine washout over time. * = p < 0.0001 in OZR Control versus Recovery at 45 min; * = p < 0.0001 in OZR Clonidine versus Recovery at 90 min; * = p < 0.0001 in LZR Control versus Clonidine at 120 min; n = 6.

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  Fig. 6. Area Under the Curve for the OGTT (upper panel) and ITT (bottom panel) in Obese Zucker Rats (OZR) versus Lean Zucker Rats (LZR) during basal, clonidine administration and clonidine washout over time. Upper Panel – AUC for OGTT: * = p < 0.0001 OZR versus LZR in Control at 15,30,45,60 and 90 min; * = p < 0.0001 OZR versus LZR in Clonidine at 45, 60, 90 and 120 min; * = p < 0.0001 OZR versus LZR in Recovery; Lower Panel – AUC for ITT: * = p < 0.0001 OZR versus LZR in Control between 15–120 min time interval; * = p < 0.0001 OZR versus LZR in Clonidine at 30, 90, 120 min; * = p < 0.0001 OZR versus LZR in Recovery at 15, 30, 45 min. Values are the mean ± SEM and n = 6.

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  Fig. 7. Graphical representation of the statistical differences of the AUC-OGTT (upper panel) and AUC-ITT (lower panel) in Obese Zucker Rats (OZR) and Lean Zucker Rats (LZR) during control, clonidine administration and clonidine washout over time. Upper panel: AUC-OGTT OZR * = p < 0.0001 in OZR Control versus Recovery at 30 min; * = p < 0.0001 in OZR Clonidine versus Recovery at 60 min; * = p < 0.0001 in OZR Control versus Recovery at 90 min; AUC-OGTT LZR: * = p < 0.0001 in LZR control versus Recovery and Clonidine versus Recovery at 15 min; * = p < 0.0001 in LZR Clonidine versus Recovery at 30 min; * = p < 0.0001 in LZR Control versus Clonidine at 45, 60, 90 and 120 min; n = 6.

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  Fig. 8. Global Myocardial SUVglc in OZR and LZR during basal, clonidine administration and clonidine washout * = p < 0.05 in OZR Control versus Clonidine; * = p < 0.05 in OZR Clonidine versus Recovery; * = p < 0.05 in OZR Control versus Recovery; * = p < 0.05 in LZR Control versus Clonidine; * = p < 0.05 in LZR Clonidine versus Recovery; * = p < 0.05 in OZR Control versus Recovery; Values are the mean ± SEM and n = 6; blue colour = basal conditions; red colour= clonidine administration; yellow colour = recovery;