An ultrasmall tunable microlens with a diameter of 1.5 μm is fabricated using nematic liquid crystals (electrically tunable medium) and vertically aligned carbon nanofibers (CNFs, electrodes). Individual CNFs are grown at the center of circular dielectric regions. This allows the CNFs to produce a more Gaussian electric field profile and hence more uniformity in lens array switching.
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Dai et al. (2012) studied this question.
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