Comparative Analysis of the Physical Education Systems in Police Forces around the World: A Narrative Review

This is the authors' abstract. We don't add key points for this paper.

Special Physical Training (SPT) constitutes a fundamental component of police professional development worldwide. Implementation methods vary across legal frameworks, cultural contexts, and the unique security challenges each nation faces. This review aims to synthesize existing descriptions of SPT to enhance understanding of its operational mechanisms. Accordingly, the paper presents a comparative analysis of SPT models employed by police forces in Europe and other regions, with particular attention to martial arts training, physical and psychological conditioning, program structure, and legal and ethical standards. A discernible trend toward increased professionalization, humanization, and technological integration in police training aligns with evolving international standards on the use of force. The review underscores the necessity for ongoing improvement, systematic institutional evaluation, and international collaboration in the domain of police Special Physical Training. Practical recommendations for advancing training practices are also provided.