The “God gene” hypothesis and the neurobiological foundations of spirituality

The “God gene” hypothesis has attracted attention in the literature as an approach suggesting that religious and spiritual tendencies in individuals may have a genetic basis. Dean Hamer’s hypothesis claims that the VMAT2 gene may be related to a predisposition toward mystical experiences through its role in regulating monoamine neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. However, current scientific studies reveal that spirituality is too multidimensional to be determined by a single gene. Spirituality is a complex phenomenon shaped by the interaction of multiple genetic influences, large-scale functional networks in the brain, cultural dynamics, early life experiences, and individual psychological processes. This review critically evaluates the “God gene” hypothesis in light of current behavioral genetics and neuroscience findings and examines the neurobiological foundations of brain regions associated with spiritual experiences. The findings indicate that spirituality cannot be explained by a single biological determinant; instead, it must be understood through a multi-level, holistic, and interactive biopsychosocial model.