Harnessing native entomopathogenic nematodes for sustainable pest control in North African agroecosystems

In North African agroecosystems, pests pose a significant threat to food security. Although chemical pesticides are often efficacious, their deleterious effects on the environment, human health, and non-target organisms have raised concerns. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) harbor intestinal bacteria that target detrimental pests, which make them a sustainable alternative. Among EPNs, Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis spp. are the most studied species owing to their ecological potential and capacity to target a diverse range of pests, including beetles, weevils, whiteflies, plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs), and other agricultural pests. To date, the critical classification, ecology, and efficacy of EPNs for managing pests at small and large scales across North African countries remain unexplored. This review addresses this gap by providing insights on EPNs identification, diversity, host interactions, and pest management applications across North Africa.