This paper intends to show some special topics on ground-fault protection. Single-line-to-ground faults are the most common fault type, the protection engineer has to understand how often these occur, the nature, and also the effects of a single-phase arcing fault. System grounding also affects the magnitude of fault current, protective devices selection, and settings. This paper discusses line-to-ground (LG) and associated issues, such as transformer energization and line-charging current. Such considerations shall be addressed when setting grounding relays and to adopt the best LG protection practices.
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Mardegan et al. (2015) studied this question.