Strong Langmuir turbulence acts to generate localized spiky fields and ion cavities. It is shown that these cavities generate potential barriers that can trap a significant fraction of the electrons. For example, a 20% cavity traps 50% of the electrons. This can seriously change the direct current properties of a collisionless plasma and lead to the appearance of anomalous dc resistivity.
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Rowland et al. (1981) studied this question.
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