A new class of valves for membranes is based on the formation of nanobubbles at the pore entrances of carbon nanotube (CNT) membranes. Nanobubble stabilization is achieved by electrochemically etching CNTs into a polymer matrix to form a well that can be reversibly filled. Such valves have applications in flow battery systems where high-energy chemicals can be stored indefinitely.
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Su et al. (2015) studied this question.
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