VLF Doppler frequency shifts and group delays for individual whistler ducts can now be separated and displayed in a multi‐duct environment. These measurements of the simultaneous motions of the individual ducts show that there is quite commonly a significant and readily measurable spatial variation in the azimuthal electric fields in the magnetosphere. The experimental technique, which involves an improvement of the previously reported computer cross‐correlation method, also allows the use of MSK coded VLF transmissions as well as allowing the whistler mode signals to be received from any direction without a null in the direction of the subionospheric signal as before.
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Neil R. Thomson (1981) studied this question.
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