Annealing and melting of active two-dimensional soliton lattices in chiral nematic films

In this work, thousands of electrically driven dissipative solitons, called directrons, are generated in a chiral nematic liquid crystal. The directrons start with random motions but soon synchronize their motions and self-organize into a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice. The directron lattice moves collectively and forms a hexatic phase. By increasing the applied voltage, the lattice exhibits a first-order hexatic-to-liquid phase transition.